Reference:
F. Alavi,
E. Park Lee,
N. van de Wouw,
B. De Schutter, and
Z. Lukszo,
"Fuel cell cars in a microgrid for synergies between hydrogen and
electricity networks," Applied Energy, vol. 192, pp. 296-304,
Apr. 2017.
Abstract:
Fuel cell electric vehicles convert chemical energy of hydrogen into
electricity to power their motor. Since cars are used for transport
only during a small part of the time, energy stored in the on-board
hydrogen tanks of fuel cell vehicles can be used to provide power when
cars are parked. In this paper, we present a community microgrid with
photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, and fuel cell electric vehicles
that are used to provide vehicle-to-grid power when renewable power
generation is scarce. Excess renewable power generation is used to
produce hydrogen, which is stored in a refilling station. A central
control system is designed to operate the system in such a way that
the operational costs are minimized. To this end, a hybrid model for
the system is derived, in which both the characteristics of the fuel
cell vehicles and their traveling schedules are considered. The
operational costs of the system are formulated considering the
presence of uncertainty in the prediction of the load and renewable
energy generation. A robust min-max model predictive control scheme is
developed and finally, a case study illustrates the performance of the
designed system.